Overview
What the framework is trying to do
Park extends earlier AI literacy models to address the distinctive demands of generative AI. The framework identifies five competencies: knowing and understanding GenAI, using and applying GenAI, evaluating and incorporating GenAI, GenAI ethics, and attitudes toward GenAI.
It also proposes a five-step interaction process that places questioning, reflection, evaluation, and incorporation around the act of generating output.
Framework structure
Core dimensions or competencies
Know and understand
Conceptual understanding of generative AI.
Use and apply
Prompting and practical engagement with GenAI tools.
Evaluate and incorporate
Critical evaluation before incorporating generated material.
GenAI ethics
Privacy, data security, academic integrity, responsible use, and societal values.
Attitudes
Curiosity, confidence, motivation, and self-efficacy.
Critical depth
Why this framework is rated Moderate
Rated Moderate because verification, privacy, bias, ethics, student agency, and reflective use are important, but structural concerns such as labor, environment, surveillance, disability, and political economy are not central.
Central
Verification, human agency
Present
Bias, privacy
Limited
Power, equity, epistemic authority, transparency
Not evident
See the Critical Dimensions Index for dimensions not assigned a stronger classification.
Evidence base
What supports the framework?
Systematic literature review of 51 empirical studies from 2023–2024
Practical use
Especially useful for
Student instruction, workflow design, AI literacy curriculum, reflective assignments, and assessment planning.
Evaluation
Strengths and limitations
Strengths
- Built from a systematic synthesis of recent empirical GenAI research.
- Separates GenAI literacy from older general AI literacy models.
- Places evaluation inside the interaction workflow rather than at the end.
Limitations
- Underlying literature is heavily focused on schools.
- Structural critical dimensions receive limited attention.
- The field was still rapidly evolving during the review period.
Portability
How well does it travel?
High. The competencies and interaction process can be adapted easily across educational levels, though examples and expectations should be contextualized.
Source
Citation
Park, J. (2025). A systematic literature review of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) literacy in schools. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 9, 100487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100487